2019 CALIFORNIA BICYCLE SUMMIT PROGRAM

Program Content

Tuesday, October 15th |  Welcome Speeches

CalBike’s Board Chair Cynthia Rose

Caltrans District 7 Director John Bulinski

California Senator Tom Umberg

Assembly Member Laura Friedman

Assembly Member Chris Holden

Deputy Mayor of Los Angeles Barbara Romero

Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition’s Executive Director Eli Akira Kaufman

Keynote address from Harris County Texas Commissioner Rodney Ellis

There is no recorded video of the opening session. Here is a slide show developed by Commissioner Ellis to illustrate biking in Houston.

Intersections Interpersonal Interactive

This depiction of a protected intersection illustrates the many ways that bicycle advocacy

intersects with other issues. Participants used this image to discuss with their fellow summit-goers the intersections that are most meaningful to them.  Download the graphic for yourself. 

Breakout Session 1

From Research to Toxic Tours, the Youth who Formed ROAR in West Long Beach

Ride On All Roads (ROAR) was developed by youth leaders to address the lack of bike infrastructure and safe passageways for folks who depend on their bikes to get around. These rides spurred residents to conduct their own community-based research on some of the environmental justice issues they saw in their neighborhoods. That helped lead to the creation of our newest annual bike mobilization: The West Long Beach Bike Toxic Tour. This panel will discuss the history and narrative behind these formative movements in hopes of inspiring other community members to harness their power and create actions that center their stories.

Whitney Amaya; Javier Garay; Jan Victor Andasan; mark! Lopez; Taylor Thomas, East Yard Communities for Environmental Justice

Replace Your Elected Officials (maybe with yourself!)

Sometimes decision makers can’t be convinced; they have to be replaced. This workshop is for everyone who is or wants to be involved in electoral politics, whether as a candidate or an activist supporting a candidate.

Rodney Ellis, Harris County TX County Commission; Bob Smith, Bakersfield City Council; Michael Schneider, Streets for All; Dorothy Wong, Altadena Town Council; Meghan Sahli-Wells, Culver City Mayor

Bike? Run! presentation by Culver City Mayor Meghan Sahli-Wells

Streets for All presentation by Michael Schneider

Presentation by Bob Smith

The Active Transportation Program and Innovation

California’s primary funding source for biking and walking has provided over $1 billion to more than 700 projects in its six years of existence. This panel will look forward to the program’s potential to fund projects that serve as a junction for community needs and model active transportation projects. Are transformative projects more likely to increase walking and biking?

Laurie Waters, California Transportation Commission; Esther Rivera, California Walks; Linda Khamoushian, California Bicycle Coalition; Victoria Custodio, Health Education Consultant, California Department of Public Health

Breakout Session 2

Bicycle-Friendly Communities for Health

Over the last 25 years, the League of American Bicyclists’ Bicycle Friendly Community program has helped thousands of communities begin their journey to improve bicycling and benchmark themselves against other communities. America’s public health crises of physical inactivity and traffic violence require multifaceted solutions. This presentation will focus on how community actions can create healthier places by improving bicycling through a flexible framework that recognizes the many paths to making bicycling safe, comfortable, and open to all.

Emily Piltch, Policy & Partnership Development, California Department of Public Health, Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention Branch; Erika Lewis-Huntley, Management Analyst III, City of Rancho Cucamonga; Ken McLeod, League of American Bicyclists

Bicycle Friendly Communities presentation by Ken McLeod

Health promotion at the intersection of public health and transportation planning slides (Emily Piltch) 

Caltrans District Active Transportation Plans are Underway

Caltrans has just begun to develop an active transportation plan for each of its 12 districts. Each district’s plan will identify active transportation improvements needed on, across, or parallel to the State Highway System, with an objective of connecting to local active transportation networks. Throughout the study process and as part of each plan, there will be an emphasis on social equity. The presentation will include an overview of the statewide process and district level experience with the public engagement process.

Jessica Downing, Active Transportation Plans Project Manager, Caltrans; Tim Gubbins, Caltrans District 5 Director; Tony Tavares, Caltrans District 4 Director; Anika Jesi, Senior Transportation Planner, Caltrans

Equitable Community Outreach and Partnership Models in Oakland and San Jose

For Oakland’s 2019 Bicycle Plan and San Jose’s Bike Plan 2020, planners tossed out the old playbook on public involvement. Oakland officials identified five community organization partners and added them to the project consultant team, based on their geographic focus and deep knowledge and experience with transportation, housing, equity, and other social justice issues within these underserved areas of Oakland. San Jose planners used community partnerships, social media, and innovative strategies to reach their 1.1 million diverse residents. This workshop will discuss the hits and misses and lessons learned from these intentional efforts to engage communities whose voices have historically been overlooked.

Lily Brown, City of Oakland DOT; Tyrone “Baybe Champ” Stevenson Jr., Scraper Bike Team; John Brazil, City of San Jose DOT; Omar Vasquez, Latinos United for New America; Jeff Knowles, Alta Planning + Design

City of San Jose outreach slides (John Brazil)

OakDOT slides (Lily Brown)

Tuesday Lunch Plenary: These DOT Directors Get It. What’s Standing in Their Way?

The chiefs of transportation for Los Angeles and Oakland came to their positions having earned reputations as leaders in the field of active transportation. Ryan Russo came to be the Director of Oakland’s Department of Transportation after implementing progressive bike and pedestrian improvements in New York City as Deputy Commissioner and one-time Director of Bicycle & Pedestrian Programs. He was joined by Kome Ajise, Executive Director for the Southern California Association of Governments, who we know from his years as the Chief Deputy Director at Caltrans and one who we could count on to solve our bike problems when we needed help at that sprawling state agency. These leaders get it. They want what we want out of our transportation system. Yet progress is slow, so slow. What’s standing in their way? What can we do to help them be more successful? This should be a lively conversation.

Tamika Butler from Toole Design moderated the session. 

Audio from the session is available on soundcloud, courtesy of biketalk, or as an mp3 file here.

Breakout 3

Build It Quickly Part One: From Pop-up to Permanent

Low-stress networks with protected bikeways and intersections will transform our communities, but it will be decades to build them, with current processes. Can’t we do it faster? The first part of this two-part workshop series looks at how San Jose went from a week-long pop-up protected bikeway to a two-year quick-build network of protected bikeways and intersections – all using inexpensive materials. It also looks at the “Go Human” program of the Southern California Association of Governments, which has implemented 36 tactical urbanism projects as official advocacy for safer street infrastructure. Our third example is from San Diego’s El Cajon Boulevard, a vision zero corridor which will soon get a pilot 3-mile bus lane where bikes are allowed. Learn from their successes and mistakes, as well as how a quick-build project led to a successful grant application to make the quick-build “paint and plastic” facilities permanent with hardscape improvements.

Hannah Brunelle, Southern California Association of Governments; Beryl Forman, El Cajon Boulevard Business Improvement Association; John Brazil, City of San Jose

Better Bikeways Quick-Build in San José (John Brazil)

El Cajon Boulevard slides

Cycling Without Age

We’ll hear stories from the Santa Barbara chapter of Cycling Without Age, a national network of bike organizations for older adults. What is the potential for e-bikes to expand the joy of bicycling to older adults? What’s the latest on the role of bicycling in supporting health and vitality?

Ed France, Executive Director, Santa Barbara Bicycle Coalition; John Seigel Boettner, Santa Barbara Cycling Without Age chapter; Linda Coburn, Ventura-Conejo Bicycle Coalition; Joe Garbanzos, AARP

Cycling Without Age Presentation Outline

Opening Montage video

Blind Stokers Club presentation (Joe Garbanzos)

Pedal Assisted Ebikes presentation (Linda Coburn)  

Cycling Without Age Stories from Santa Barbara Video (John Seigel Boettner) 

R/Evolutionary Roots of Community Bike Shops

Community-led bike shops have historically served as neighborhood mobility hubs, providing resources and networks for marginalized groups without cars or with limited access to them. This panel will highlight the anti-capitalist and anti-authoritarian global grassroots origins of these community institutions and how their missions have evolved to incorporate more local Black, Indigenous, People-of-Color (BIPOC) leadership, international perspectives, and more inclusivity for individuals of differing abilities. Panelists will also explore the future of community bike shops — ensuring they are publicly controlled by and for locally marginalized residents — despite a horizon of increasingly privatized mobility options catering to newer and wealthier residents.

Ade Neff, Ride On! Bike Shop/Co-Op; Jimmy Lizama, Relampago Wheelery; Danny Gamboa, Healthy Active Streets; Jesi Harris & Adonia Lugo, People for Mobility Justice; Taye McGee, Rich City Rides; Jared Sanchez, CalBike

Breakout 4

Build It Quickly Part Two: The Network is the Project

In this session, we look at the political and technical tools behind two additional strategies cities have used to build whole bikeway networks quickly. First, we look at  New Orleans, Louisiana and Fremont, California, where leaders have decided to consider the bikeway network itself as the (single) bike project instead of the eventual result of scores of separate projects. Then, we look at San Francisco’s landmark “Quick Build” policy that has resulted in protected bike lanes being constructed within weeks of the decision to do it.

Matt Lasky, City of San Francisco; Brooke Dubose, Toole Design

How to Integrate Equity into Bike and Pedestrian Advocacy

Equity is often tossed around these days as a buzzword that many advocacy organizations use to bolster their credibility, but many do not fully understand what equity means or do not grasp how to integrate it fully into their activities. Equity is more than just saying you represent a community; it is how you integrate that community into your activities and how your organization builds trust and relationships within those communities. Through real world examples, we will illustrate several campaigns that successfully integrate equity as a core tenet. We will work with attendees to reshape their own campaigns to better integrate equitable principles.

Danny Gamboa, Healthy Active Streets; Kevin Shin, Walk Bike Long Beach

Integrate equity into bike and pedestrian advocacy slides (Kevin Shin / Danny Gamboa)

Police Training for Bicycle and Pedestrian Safety

Tired of explaining to police officers CVC 21202? Attend this panel to see how this team developed a training for an audience of police officers that summarized bicycle and pedestrian crash data and recapped new and relevant laws. Hear from the officer hired to deliver the presentation and listen to efforts to expand the training for use throughout the State of California. The panel will also address strategies to help local teams coordinate with agencies, and how to build trust with departments while still acknowledging the potential challenges related to policing today.

Tamika L. Butler, Esq., Director of Planning, California | Director of Equity and Inclusion, Toole Design; Corwin Bales, CEO & Retired Police Officer – C&R Consultants; Marc Caswell, Planning Associate, Alta Planning + Design; Paul Martin, PE, TE, Active Transportation Coordinator, Orange County Transportation Authority

Engaging Law Enforcement presentation

The Intersection of Bike Advocacy and Housing Policy

California is facing an acute housing crisis.  We know that new housing next to transit can help meet the need for housing while reducing the need for driving, but it faces opposition from long term residents concerned about traffic and changing neighborhood character. Complicating the situation, without proper planning new development along transit will displace low income transit riders and bicyclists and actually increase car use.  How do we balance all of these conflicting pressures in bicycle advocacy, and what should we do?

Ann Fryman, Senator Scott Wiener’s office; Ernest Brown, Co-Executive and Board Member, East Bay for Everyone; Cynthia Strathmann, PhD, Strategic Actions for a Just Economy activists; Sahra Sulaiman, Streetsblog CA; John Yi, Los Angeles Walks

Wednesday, October 16th

Breakfast Plenary: The New Urban Mobility

The promise of the new urban mobility is the ubiquitous availability of affordable, lightweight, and low-impact transportation devices for short trips. Shared bikes, e-bikes, scooters, and whatever-is-next present an unprecedented opportunity to transform urban transportation by replacing cars for most short trips.

But this opportunity has existed with bikes for a century already; is this time really different? The profit motive of automobile companies propelled the dominance of cars in our cities a century ago; will the profit motive of the micromobility companies propel the success of micromobility this time around? Does it matter that Lyft and Uber own the country’s largest bike share operators? Can public institutions leverage this moment to ensure access and inclusion for everyone, instead of enhanced mobility for the advantaged and reduced service for the rest of us?

Francie Stefan, Chief Mobility Officer, Santa Cruz; Sarah Potts Ashton, New Mobility Policy – US West at Uber; Marlo Sandler, Senior Public Policy Manager, Lyft Bikes and Scooters; Margarita Parra, Mobility Equity Lead, GRID Alternatives

Presentation by Margarita Parra

Presentation by Lyft

Breakout 5

How to Communicate to Win the Hard Fights

The conventions for engaging our audience have evolved drastically over the last decade with the rise of active transportation planning and social media. How can we communicate beyond the “bicyclist community” to win support for politically challenging projects? The goal of this panel is to create a dialogue about the successes and failures of different communication strategies. We’ll examine the strategy that won the Mar Vista Great Streets Project and how communications have been handled in other communities.

Peter Flax, Editor in Chief Red Bulletin; Sarah Auerswald, Mar Vista Vista Chamber of Commerce; Dana Variano, Former Director of Communications for Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition and CicLAvia; Alissa Walker, Curbed Urbanism Editor; Matt Tinoco, KPCC Reporter; Zachary Rynew, CiclaValley

Here’s a video of the entire session.

Scooters Here There and Everywhere – Regulations to Make That a Good Thing

In less than two years, scooters have accounted for more than 40 million trips in U.S. cities. Good news, or bad? The scooter boom, funded by billions of dollars of private capital, is both a threat to walking, biking, and equitable transportation in cities, and a potential boost to low-cost, car-free urban transportation that will strengthen the demand for safe streets in all our neighborhoods. What can we do as city leaders and advocates to leverage the potential of scooters for good? With San Jose’s deliberative and research-based approach as an example, this workshop will discuss the shared micromobility regulatory environment that protects people walking, avoids curbside clutter, sets firm requirements for data-sharing, and enables systems that improve mobility and quality of life.

John Brazil, City of San Jose; Edward Fu, Bird; Tim Alborg, Spin; Malia Schilling, Populus; Forest Barnes, CalBike

Shared Scooter Planning in San José slides (John Brazil)

Cities, Scooter Data, and Privacy slides (Malia Schilling)

The Beautiful Bikeways of the Auckland Bikeway Network

Unprecedented levels of investment in a comprehensive cycling network has increased cycling into the city center by more than 60% since 2013, and resulted in some beautiful new bridges and bikeways. This presentation will provide details on the Lightpath and Nelson Street bikeway, Grafton Gully bikeway, Beach Road bikeway, Quay Street bikeway, Ian McKinnon bikeway and the planned Skypath bikeway across Auckland’s Harbor Bridge.

Sam Corbett, Alta Planning + Design, Inc.

The Beautiful Bikeways of Auckland NZ report (Sam Corbett)

Breakout 6

Bicycle Activism in Latin America

Since 2015, an entrepreneur, a photographer, two journalists and a high school student have teamed up to create Colombia’s BiciActiva Radio. They broadcast live radio and podcasts on the topics of urban cycling, safety, infrastructure, and other mobility, and the intersections of all those diverse stakeholders. Frank Aguirre and his partners at the Urban Cycling Collective BCSicletos work to reclaim the streets in La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. The moderator will be Chris Morfas, formerly Executive Director of CalBike, currently a volunteer for Councilmember Mafe Rojas and the mayoral campaign of Claudia López.

BiciActiva presentation (Lorena Romero)

Short Biciactiva promo video

Bicycle Activism in LatinAmerica: Practices for Inclusion presentation (Areli Morales)

Economic Development and Safer Streets through Bicycle Tourism

Bicycle tourism is a big business. When business leaders understand that, they develop a new incentive to make bicycling a safe and easy thing to do in their community. Plus, bike tourists with credit cards can be a huge economic boost to depressed rural communities. Hear from the experts in bike tourism about what you can do to take advantage of the bike tourist economy.

Dave Snyder, CalBike; Virginia Sullivan, Adventure Cycling Association; Kathryn Siddle, Bike Lodi

CalBike presentation

Adventure Cycling presentation

Bike Lodi presentation

First/Last Mile Planning and Implementation

In 2014, LA Metro passed an award-winning First/Last Mile Strategic Plan. Since then, Metro has implemented the plan on its Blue Line. 

This workshop will discuss how to plan and implement improved access for transit stations in the context of new and emerging first/last mile mobility options. Learn how transit agencies, bike share companies, local governments, and advocacy groups work together to provide quality walk and bike infrastructure to connect with transit. Hear how first/last mile goes beyond infrastructure to provide new mobility options like bikeshare and scooters to connect communities to transit and to each other. 

Jacob Lieb, LA Metro; Monique G. López, Pueblo Planning; Jamario Jackson, Transform; Daniel Rodman, Los Angeles Mayor’s Office; Lyndsey Nolan, The Robert Group

First/Last Mile Planning and Implementation presentation

The Next Best Intersectional Urban Bikeway Projects

For over 30 years, Normal Street in San Diego was supposed to be a community space by official designation. But only since 2012, when SANDAG began moving forward with its Bike Early Action Program, has there been serious planning. Now, with unprecedented collaboration among SANDAG, the City of San Diego, and local organizations, a community-driven plan to transform this space is in place.

In El Monte, ActiveSGV staff worked with community members, the Council for Watershed Health, Climate Resolve, and other nonprofits, to secure funding from the State Coastal Conservancy to transform Merced Avenue in the San Gabriel Valley into a 1.1-mile greenway. Currently at 60% design, the plan calls for a protected, sidewalk grade level multiple use trail that will capture stormwater, improve safety, and make it easier for people to be healthy. It’s a model of coupling transportation and water funding to achieve a more climate-resilient community.

Brittany Bailey, Office of Councilmember Chris Ward, San Diego; Carly Curiel, ActiveSGV; Michele Montano, Council for Watershed Health; Tanner French, City of San Diego; Chris Romano, SANDAG; Madai Parra, SANDAG

Merced Avenue Greenway Project slides (Michele Montano)

Bicycling is Booming in South Los Angeles

Bicycling in South Central has always been about more than bicycling. For members of clubs like the South L.A. Real Rydaz, the bike has long been a vehicle for making change, whether it was giving themselves a new direction, building a sense of community, or giving back to the community. In taking to the streets and consistently reclaiming their space – and doing it in style – they’ve inspired others to follow their lead. And although the club scene has exploded over the last five years, these groups have tended to remain off the radar of most bicycle advocates. Hear about the origins of this unique bike culture, how important they are to the community, how community service fits into their mission, and why they can’t be ignored.

Breakout 7

Climate Crisis and the Bicycle I — the Green New Deal

The Green New Deal aims to save our planet from climate catastrophe while elevating our quality of life, especially the most vulnerable among us. But in the proposed federal GND, bicycling does not warrant even a mention. What role can the bicycle play in averting climate disaster?

Carter Rubin, Natural Resources Defense Council; Kristen Torres Pawling, L.A. County Office of Sustainability; Ricci Sergienko, Sunrise Movement; Alissa Walker, Curbed

Bikes & the Green New Deal (Alissa Walker)

Creating Grassroots Bicycle Advocacy by and for Women

Women account for approximately one-fifth of everyday bicycle users in most of California. They are under-represented among people who bike for transportation, recreation, and sport. What can we do to make bicycling more accessible to women? This workshop will present some answers by the women who are in fact doing that!

Mary Daval, Founder, Women on Bikes Culver City; Monique Trammell, Founder, American Women’s Cycling Network; Lula Carter, Black Girls Do Bikes; Yolanda Davis-Overstreet, Founder, Riding in Living Color; Lynn Ingram, USA Cycling Race Official & former Race Director

Women on Bikes presentation (Mary Daval)

American Women’s Cycling Network (Monique Trammell)

Presentation by Yolanda Davis-Overstreet

It’s Time to Subsidize E-bikes

Electric bicycles have changed the way we get around. They flatten hills, shorten distances, and make hard trips easy. E-bikes make bicycling a viable option for people with children or other heavy loads, elderly folks, and those with certain disabilities. CalBike’s campaigns to promote and support e-bikes have found success: e-bike share is now part of the Clean Mobility Options for Disadvantaged Communities program, and low-income residents are eligible to receive vouchers for e-bikes when they turn in their polluting cars. But straightforward purchase incentives, like the state gives for electric cars, are still not available. This workshop will review the latest in e-bike technology and the latest research that shows the benefits of e-bikes in reducing greenhouse gases and why state funds should support e-bikes even more than they support electric cars.

Michael Fishman, Pure Cycles; Linda Khamoushian, CalBike

Breakout 8

Climate Crisis and the Bicycle II—Local and State Strategies for a Sustainable Transportation Revolution

Nearly half of carbon emissions in California come from transportation, largely from on-road travel. While a transition to electric autos is helpful for the long term, even EV optimists project that by 2040 the great majority of vehicles on the road will still be burning gasoline. To avert the worst impacts of the climate crisis, we need big, bold action and a lot more funding now to build a clean transportation system of bike and transit networks that will be up and running in 10 years. Join us to brainstorm on state and local fundraising and organizing strategy to get from here to there. This will be a participatory session.

Matthew Lewis, California YIMBY; Melissa Romero, California League of Conservation Voters; Margarita Parra, ieBike and Board Member, Silicon Valley Bicycle Coalition; Ron Milam, Smart Growth California; Austin Brown, UC Davis Policy Institute for Energy, the Environment, and the Economy; Jenn Guitart, California Bicycle Coalition

Healing-Infused Mobility Engagement

By replacing competition, politics, greed, and maps, with collaboration, art-making, and empathy, transportation community engagement becomes inclusive, equitable, and meaningful.  Place It! creates a safe space for visual and spatial thinkers, youth, women, non-native English speakers, and other underrepresented communities to express their mobility needs in new ways. By using storytelling, objects, and sensory experiences this method quickly builds consensus to find common values, and mobility solutions, using the participants’ memories, needs, and aspirations. This hands-on session will teach participants this method and how to apply it to various transportation projects.

Tackling the 400-square-mile Network: LA’s Strategies for Implementing Livable Streets

While the climate action goals of L.A’s Green New Deal and safety priorities of Vision Zero have foregrounded Los Angeles’s policy agenda of safe and sustainable transportation options, a vehicle-oriented status quo still seems to dominate many conversations. In the face of vast geography and to better serve diverse constituencies, the Los Angeles Department of Transportation needs more than a single, bike-centric approach to project development and network implementation. Hear from LADOT Staff across programs on the strategies bringing integrated bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure to life across Los Angeles. From neighborhood greenways to Safe Routes to Schools, what are our greatest opportunities and most effective tools, and where do they intersect? What does it take to build consensus for projects, and what’s getting in the ground?

Lameese Chang, LADOT Active Transportation Division; David Somers, LADOT Planning & Policy Division; Chris Rider, Lauren Ballard, LADOT Vision Zero; Clare Eberle, LADOT Active Transportation Division

Thursday, October 17th

Breakout 9

CalBike’s 2020 Legislative Agenda Part One

Vouchers for e-bikes. Accountability to climate goals at the California Transportation Commission. Automated speed enforcement. Changing the rules that prohibit lowering speed limits. Clarifying a bike rider’s right to use a full lane. Requiring only a yield at “stop” signs. These are some of the ideas that CalBike could work on in 2020. This session will give you an inside look into how CalBike sets its priorities on an annual basis, and a chance to influence them.

CalBike policy staff: Linda Khamoushian, Jared Sanchez, Dave Snyder

The State of Advocacy in Los Angeles: Where’s the momentum?

For the past two decades, the Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition, established in 1998, has been working to make Los Angeles County a safe, healthy, and equitable place to ride a bike through advocacy, education, and outreach. LACBC has shared leadership in supporting the formation of numerous active transportation organizations, active street events like CicLAvia, the 2010 Bike Master Plan, the launch of Vizion Zero in 2015 and the passage of Measure M 2017. In this session, LACBC will start the conversation by sharing the results of Which way LACBC? a Community Input Forum recently hosted to learn and affirm what the community wants for the future of a multimodal Los Angeles.

Eli Akira Kaufman, Executive Director, Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition, and LACBC staff

Session recording on soundcloud, courtesy of BikeTalk

Breakout 10

CalBike’s 2020 Legislative Agenda Part Two

In this session we’ll dig deeper into specific campaign possibilities, based on the results of the conversation in the prior session.

CalBike policy staff: Linda Khamoushian, Jared Sanchez, Dave Snyder

Walking While Latino

Through DIY or rasquache interventions based on memory, need, and aspirations, many Latinos transform streets into spaces for pedestrians and community interaction. To imagine and create interventions that support social cohesion and creativity, they use resources at hand plus the visual and spatial landscape around them. The session will highlight how we read, understood, and listened to the stories behind these interventions to develop South Colton’s Livable Corridor Plan: Strategies for Community Resilience and Upliftment.

James Rojas, Ph.D.

Walking While Latino / South Colton presentation (James Rojas, Ph.D.)